Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) comprise 12 protein components, VirB1–VirB11 and VirD4. VirB2 forms a pilus and is co-purified with VirB5. VirB4, VirB11 and VirD4 are ATPases powering pilus assembly ...

Bacterial type III secretion machines have adapted to carry out numerous functions, ranging from locomotion to protein delivery into nucleated cells. One of the most intriguing issues is the source of ...

Vaginal discharge comes in many different forms and affects all women, but its rarely talked about - meaning we're often left questioning whether a trip to the doctor is necessary, or a complete ...

Diabetes is caused by either the loss of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or insulin resistance, reduced insulin sensitivity, and ...